Desarrollo y estudio psicométrico de la Escala de Susceptibilidad al Refuerzo Inmediato y Demorado (ESRID)

Introducción: A partir de la teoría de Sensibilidad al Refuerzo de Gray y considerando la capacidad del ser humano de anticipar eventos futuros, se considera necesario disponer de un instrumento para evaluar la susceptibilidad al refuerzo inmediato y demorado, debido a que no existe ningún instrumento para evaluarlo. Objetivo: Elaborar y estudiar las propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de Susceptibilidad al Refuerzo Inmediato y Demorado (ESRID). Asimismo, presentar datos descriptivos de la ESRID. Método: En la primera fase, se elaboraron los reactivos en función de la conceptualización del constructo. Los ítems aprobados por expertos formaron parte de la versión inicial, la cual se administró a 240 adultos de población general. Se aplicó un Análisis Factorial Exploratorio y se estudió la bondad de los reactivos y la consistencia interna de la escala. Posteriormente, se realizó un Análisis Factorial Confirmatorio con la versión final en una muestra de 960 estudiantes universitarios, se corroboró la bondad de los ítems y se estudió la confiabilidad de la versión final de la ESRID. Resultados: Se Corroboró en la fase final una estructura interna de tres factores (Malestar por no obtener un reforzador, Tendencia al esfuerzo y Bienestar por obtener un refuerzo) y uno de segundo orden. La ESRID y los factores mostraron adecuados valores de consistencia interna. Conclusiones: La ESRID, es un instrumento adecuado para evaluar la susceptibilidad al refuerzo inmediato y anticipado en población universitaria de Morelia (México).

Introduction: Based on Gray's Reinforcement Sensitivity theory and considering the human being's ability to anticipate future events, it is considered necessary to have an instrument to assess susceptibility to immediate and delayed reinforcement, because there is no instrument to evaluate it. The Objective: To elaborate and study the psychometric properties of the Susceptibility to Immediate and Delayed Reinforcement Scale (SIDRS). Evenly, to present descriptive data of the SIDRS. Method: In the first phase, the items were elaborated based on the conceptualization of the construct. The items approved by experts were part of the initial version, which was administered to 240 adults from the general population. An Exploratory Factor Analysis was applied and the goodness of the items, and the internal consistency of the scale were studied. Subsequently, a Confirmatory Factor Analysis was conduced with the final version in a sample of 960 university students, the goodness of the items was verified, and the reliability of the final version of the SIDRS was studied. Results: In the final phase, an internal structure of three factors (Discomfort for not obtaining a reinforcement, Tendency to effort, and Well-being for obtaining a reinforcement) and one of second order were corroborated. The SIDRS and factors showed adequate internal consistency values. Conclusions: The SIDRS is an appropriate instrument to assess the susceptibility to immediate and delayed reinforcement in the university population of Morelia (Mexico).

Deseabilidad social, trastorno de conducta y callo emocional: estudio correlacional en adolescentes mexicanos / Social desirability, conduct disorder and callous- unemotional: a correlational study in Mexican adolescents / Desejabilidade social, desordem de conduta e insensibilidade emocional: um estudo correlacional em adolescentes mexicanos

El propósito principal de este estudio fue analizar la relación entre deseabilidad social (DS), el trastorno de conducta (TC) y el callo emocional (CE). En él participaron 150 adolescentes, entre los 13 y los 17 años (47% mujeres y 53% hombres), y se formaron dos grupos (con y sin probable TC). Se aplicó la escala de necesidad de aprobación social (ENAS), el cuestionario de detección del trastorno de conducta (CDTC), y el inventario de rasgos de insensibilidad emocional (IRIE). Se observó que el nivel de DS total resultó significativamente más bajo en el grupo con probable TC; también, una relación negativa baja entre la puntuación total del ENAS y las puntuaciones del CDTC, y negativas y moderadas con el IRIE. En conclusión se observó una relación negativa, aunque baja, entre la DS y el TC, y entre moderada y negativa con el CE. Las relaciones entre variables se modificaron en función de la edad y el género.

The main purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between social desirability (SD), conduct disorder (CD) and callous unemotional (CU).. A total of 150 adolescents between 13 and 17 years of age (47% female and 53% male) participated in the study, and two groups were formed (with and without probable CD). The Need for Social Approval Scale (ENAS), the Conduct Disorder Screening Questionnaire (CDTC), and the Emotional Insensitivity Trait Inventory (IRIE) were applied. It was observed that the level of total SD was significantly lower in the group with probable CT; also, a low negative relationship between the ENAS total score and the CDTC scores, and negative and moderate ones with the IRIE. In conclusion, a negative, albeit low, relationship was observed between SD and CT, and moderate to negative with CE. The relationships between variables were modified by age and gender.

O objetivo principal deste estudo foi analisar a relação entre a desejabilidade social (SD), desordem de conduta (CD) e calo emocional (EC). Envolveu 150 adolescentes de 13-17 anos (47% mulheres e 53% homens), e foram formados dois grupos (com e sem provável CD). Foram administradas a Escala de Aprovação Social (ENAS), o Questionário de Avaliação de Distúrbios de Conduta (CDTC) e o Inventário de Traços de Insensibilidade Emocional (IRIE). Foi observado que o nível de SD total era significativamente menor no grupo com provável CD; também, uma relação negativa baixa entre a pontuação total do ENAS e a pontuação do CDTC, e relações negativas e negativas moderadas com o IRIE. Em conclusão, houve uma relação negativa, embora baixa, entre SD e CT, e moderada a negativa com CE. As relações entre as variáveis foram modificadas por idade e sexo.

Memoria Declarativa (Convencional Y Emocional) En Personas Mayores Con y Sin Depresión / Declarative Memory (Conventional And Emotional) in Older Persons with and without Depression

Resumen Introducción: Tomando en consideración por un lado, el modelo de Bower (1981) y la evidencia reportada que indica que se recuerda con mayor facilidad aquella información congruente con el estado de ánimo; y por otro lado, el modelo tripartito Clark y Watson (1991), el cual señala que las personas con depresión presentan un alto nivel de afecto negativo y bajo nivel de afecto positivo, se plantea como objetivo estudiar el rendimiento en memoria declarativa (de palabras con carga emocional positiva, negativa y sin carga emocional) en personas mayores de 65 años que presentan depresión y controles. Método: Se utilizó una muestra de 39 personas mayores, sin deterioro cognitivo, ni demencia y con adecuada actividad funcional, distribuidos en dos grupos (grupo 1, n=19, con depresión y grupo 2, n=20, sin depresión). Se analizaron las puntuaciones obtenidas en una prueba de memoria declarativa de palabras (con carga emocional positiva, negativa y neutra). Resultados: No se observaron diferencias en el rendimiento memorístico entre los participantes con depresión y los controles. Tampoco se encontraron correlaciones significativas entre las escalas de depresión, de afecto positivo y negativo con las palabras recordadas con y sin carga emocional. Discusión: Los resultados obtenidos sugieren que no existe relación entre la memoria declarativa con y sin carga emocional con los afectos en personas mayores.

Introduction: Taking into consideration, on the one hand, the Bower model (1981) and the reported evidence indicating that information congruent with mood is more easily remembered; and on the other hand, the tripartite model Clark and Watson (1991), which indicates that people with depression have a high level of negative affect and low level of positive affect, the objective of the present study is to study the performance in declarative memory (of words with positive emotional charge, negative and without emotional charge) in people over 65 who have depression and controls. Method: A sample of 39 elderly people was used, without cognitive impairment or dementia and with adequate functional activity, distributed in two groups (group 1, n = 19, with depression and group 2, n = 20, without depression). The scores obtained in a test of declarative memory of words (with positive, negative and neutral emotional charge) were analyzed. Results: No differences in memory performance were observed between participants with depression and controls. Nor were significant correlations found between the scales of depression, positive and negative affect with the words remembered with and without emotional charge. Discussion: The results obtained suggest that there is no relationship between declarative memory with and without emotional load with affects in older people.

Propiedades psicométricas de la Escala para medir el Disfrute Experimentado en Niños y Adolescentes (EDENA) en población de Michoacán (México) / Psychometric properties of the Scale to measure the Enjoyment Experienced by Children and Adolescents) (SEECA) in Michoacan population (Mexico)

Resumen Objetivo: Construir una escala para medir el disfrute experimentado en niños y adolescentes y estudiar sus propiedades psicométricas. Método: Estudio de tipo instrumental, donde participaron 487 estudiantes de secundaria de edades comprendidas entre 11 y 15 años, que respondieron a la escala objeto de estudio (Escala para medir el Disfrute Experimentado en Niños y Adolescentes, EDENA), junto a las escalas PANASN (Positive And Negative Affect Schedule) para niños y adolescentes elaboradas por Sandín (2003) y la escala de Depresión del Centro de Estudios Epidemiológicos (CES-D) de Radloff (1977) adaptada a población mexicana por Jiménez-Tapia, Wagner, Rivera-Heredia y González-Forteza (2015). Resultados: A través de un Análisis Factorial Exploratorio se observó que la estructura interna resultó unifactorial. Respecto a la consistencia interna, el valor del alfa de Cronbach de la escala resultó de .650, aceptable teniendo en cuenta que solo tiene cinco reactivos, los cuales mostraron adecuadas propiedades psicométricas. Se realizaron correlaciones de Pearson con otras medidas, obteniendo una correlación baja y positiva con la escala de afecto positivo (r = .368) y correlaciones bajas y negativas con el afecto negativo (r =-.361) y con la sintomatología depresiva (r =-.179). Conclusiones: Se concluye que la EDENA es instrumento que puede resultar de gran utilidad, ya que podría considerarse un indicador de presencia de anhedonia, que se asocia con disfunción social y emocional, además de psicopatología. La EDENA posee adecuadas propiedades psicométricas (validez de constructo, confiablidad y validez concurrente) para ser administrado en la ciudad de Morelia (México).

Abstract Objective: This paper aims to build a scale for enjoyment measuring in order to measure enjoyment experienced by children and adolescents and also, it aims to study this scale's psychometric properties. Method: An instrumental approach is conducted in this study ; 487 high school students aged 11 to 15 years old were sampled, answering SEECA (scale to measure the enjoyment experienced by children and adolescents) ; along with this scale, PANAS-C (Positive and Negative Affect Schedule) elaborated by Sandín (2003) and the Epidemiological Studies Center Scale of Depression CES-D of Radloff (1977) adapted to the Mexican population by Jiménez-Tapia, Wagner, Rivera-Heredia and González-Forteza (2015) were also applied to children and adolescents. Results: Suggest a uni-factorial structure according to an exploratory factor analysis. Based on Chronbach 's alpha's value, the internal consistency , is determined in .650, acceptable taking into account that it has only 5 items, which showed adequate psychometric properties. Pearson's correlation was made with other measurements, obtaining a low positive correlation with the positive affect's scale (r = .368), and low negative correlations with negative affect (r =-.361) and depressive symptoms (r =-.179). Conclusion: SEECA, is a very useful instrument, since it may recognize the presence of anhedonia, which is associated with social and emotional dysfunction, and also as a psychopathology. The SEECA has adequate psychometric properties (construct validity, reliability and concurrent validity) to be administrated in Morelia's city (Mexico).

Escala Búsqueda de Sensaciones (Forma V) de Zuckerman estudio psicométrico en población adolescente Mexicana / Psychometric study of Zuckerman's Sensation Search scale (Form V) in a Mexican adolescent population

El rasgo de Búsqueda de Sensaciones (BS) se puede entender como la necesidad de sensaciones y experiencias nuevas, variadas y complejas, y el deseo de arriesgarse con el fin de obtenerlas. Este rasgo se asocia con un mayor riesgo de realizar conductas peligrosas y con diferentes trastornos mentales. Sin embargo, en México no se conoce el comportamiento de la escala más utilizada para evaluar la BS cuando se utiliza en adolescentes. Por ello, el objetivo de la presente investigación es estudiar las propiedades psicométricas de la Escala Búsqueda de Sensaciones ­ Forma V (Sensation Seeking Scale ­ Form V), analizando su consistencia interna, su validez convergente y fiabilidad considerando la naturaleza dicotómica de los datos. Participaron 334 estudiantes de secundaria, con edades comprendidas entre 12 y 15 años tanto mujeres (n=171) como hombres (n = 163). En los resultados se identificaron 20 ítems que se distribuían en tres factores mediante un análisis factorial exploratorio que se calculó con la mitad de la muestra. Esta estructura mostró un ajuste adecuado en el análisis confirmatorio que se realizó con la otra parte de la muestra (χ2 = 213.78, gl = 167, p < 0.05, CFI = 0.93, TLI = 0.91, RMSEA = 0.04). Se calcularon los índices de fiabilidad (KR = 0.78, Omega = 0.94), se encontraron correlaciones con la escala de impulsividad (r = .39), la escala de uso de sustancias (r =.31 ) y con depresión (r = .26 ). Tanto en la escala total como en los factores se observaron mayores puntuaciones en hombres que en mujeres

The Sensation Seeking (SS) trait is conceived as the need for new, varied and complex sensations and experiences, and the desire to take risks in order to experience them. The trait is associated with a higher risk of dangerous behaviors and with different mental disorders. However, in Mexico, the performance of the scale most used to assess BS when used in adolescents is not known. For this reason, the objective of this research is to study the psychometric properties of the Sensation Seeking Scale - Form V (Sensation Seeking Scale - Form V), its internal consistency, its convergent validity and reliability considering the dichotomous nature of the data. 334 high school students participated, aged between 12 and 15 years, both women (n = 171) and men (n = 163). Results: 20 items were identified that were distributed in three factors through an exploratory factor analysis that was calculated with half of the sample This structure showed an adequate fit in the confirmatory analysis that was carried out with the other part of the sample

Fluidez verbal, inteligencia y velocidad de procesamiento en adultos jóvenes con y sin actividad escolar: el impacto de la reserva cognitiva en adultos jóvenes / Verbal fluency, intelligence and processing speed in young adults with and without school activity: The impact of the cognitive reserve in young adults

Es conocido el impacto positivo de la reserva cognitiva y de mantenerse activo intelectualmente en el funcionamiento cognitivo en el adulto mayor, sin embargo, el impacto de dichas variables en funciones ejecutivas en jóvenes apenas ha sido investigada. Por ello, el objetivo de la presente investigación fue comparar el desempeño de la fluidez verbal (fonológica, semántica y de verbos), inteligencia (fluida y cristalizada) y velocidad de procesamiento entre jóvenes con diferentes grados académicos y personas con el mismo grado, pero que han dejado de estudiar. Participaron 68 adultos, de 20 a 35 años de edad; todos ellos sanos y residentes de la ciudad de Morelia. Los resultados señalan que el grupo sin actividad escolarizada (con nivel de licenciatura) obtuvo peor rendimiento respecto a los grupos activamente escolarizados (de licenciatura y maestría) en las pruebas de fluidez verbal semántica y de verbos, mientras que no se reportan diferencias significativas entre los grupos conformados por estudiantes activos. En fluidez fonológica el grupo con grado de licenciatura inactivo obtuvo menor rendimiento que el grupo de mayor grado escolar activo. Se concluye que la actividad escolar incide favorablemente en el desempeño de fluidez verbal en jóvenes adultos. Ello no sólo puede ser un elemento que a largo plazo puede transferirse en reserva cognitiva, sino que también puede tener una injerencia notable en la propia vida adulta a nivel laboral.

The positive impact of cognitive reserve and of being intellectually active in cognitive functioning in the elderly is known, however, the impact of these variables on executive functions in young people has hardly been investigated. Therefore, the objective of this research was to compare the performance of verbal fluency (phonological, semantic and verbs), intelligence (fluid and crystallized) and processing speed among young people with different academic degrees and people with the same degree, but who have stopped studying. 68 adults participated, from 20 to 35 years of age; all of them healthy and residents of the city of Morelia. The results indicate that the group with no school activity (with a bachelor's degree) performed worse than the groups actively enrolled (undergraduate and master's degree) in verbal semantic fluency and verbs, while no significant differences were reported between the groups made up of active students. In phonological fluency, the group with an inactive bachelor's degree obtained lower performance than the group with the highest active school grade. It is concluded that school activity has a favorable impact on the performance of verbal fluency in young adults. This can not only be an element that can be transferred in cognitive reserve in the long term, but it can also have a notable interference in adult life at work level.

Moduladores del disfrute (Gaudibilidad) en hipertensos vs normotensos / Modulators of enjoyment (Gaudiebility) in hypertensive vs normotensive participants

Objetivo: es comparar los niveles de gaudibilidad (moduladores del disfrute) entre participantes hipertensos y normotensos, controlando algunas variables sociodemográficas, asimismo estudiar la posible relación entre la gaudibilidad y la hipertensión arterial. Materiales y métodos: en la presente investigación se utilizó una muestra de 306 personas adultas (edad promedio 58,81), el 87,3% eran de sexo femenino, la mayoría manifestaron estar casados (55,9%) y con un promedio de años de escolaridad de 6,87), divididas en dos grupos (hipertensos n=153 y normotensos n=153) pareados por sexo, edad, estado civil y escolaridad. A los grupos se les aplicó la escala de gaudibilidad de Padrós. Resultados: los resultados muestran una media en la puntuación total de la escala de gaudibilidad de 58,14 (DE = 12,17) en el grupo con hipertensión arterial, aunque no resultó significativamente (t(304) = -1,755; p = 0,080) menor a la obtenida en la muestra de normotensos 60,69 (DE = 13,22), si se observó correlación negativa y significativa con la tensión arterial sistólica (r = -0,275; p = 0,002) y con la diastólica (r = -0,241; p = 0,006). Conclusiones: los resultados no concluyentes, sugieren estudiar con mayor profundidad la relación entre ambas variables. Se señala como principal limitación que no se controló el tipo de tratamiento ni posibles efectos secundarios..(AU)

Objective: to compare the levels of gaudiebility (modulators of enjoyment) between hypertensive and normotensive participants, controlling some sociodemographic, likewise to study the possible relationship between gaudiebility (modulators of enjoyment) and arterial hypertension. Material and methods: in the present paper, a sample of 306 adults was used (mean age 58,81, 87,3% were female, most of them stated to be married (55,9%) and with an average of years of schooling. of 6,87), divided into two groups (hypertensive n = 153 and normotensive n = 153) matched by sex, age, marital status and schooling. The Padrós gaudiebility scale was applied to groups. Results: the results show a mean in the total score of the gaudiebility scale of 58,14 (SD = 12,17) in the hypertensive group, although it did not result significantly (t (304) = -1,755; p = 0,080) lower than the obtained in the normotensive sample 60,69 (SD = 13,22), but negative and significant correlation was observed with the systolic blood pressure (r = -0,275, p = 0,002) and with the diastolic (r = -0,241; p = 0,006). Conclusions: the inconclusive results suggest study in greater depth the relationship between both variables. The main limitation is that the type of treatment and possible side effects were not controlled..(AU)

Evaluación neuropsicológica básica para adultos en pacientes con trastorno de ansiedad generalizada / Basic neuropsychological evaluation for adults in patients with generalized anxiety disorders

Resumen Introducción: El desempeño en el funcionamiento cognitivo de pacientes con Trastorno de Ansiedad Generalizada (TAG) ha recibido poco interés y los resultados de algunos estudios han demostrado ser poco consistentes. Objetivo: Conocer el desempeño de las funciones cognitivas de sujetos con Trastorno de Ansiedad Generalizada y comparar con sujetos sin ansiedad clínica, a través de la Evaluación Neuropsicológica Básica para Adultos (ENBA). Método: Un diseño transversal, con muestreo intencionado, se estudiaron 23 sujetos con único diagnóstico de TAG y un grupo control de 23 sujetos pareados según sexo, edad y escolaridad. Resultados: El grupo con TAG obtuvo un peor desempeño estadísticamente significativo (p = < 0,05) en algunas puntuaciones de la ENBA que evalúan habilidades de construcción visuoespacial, memoria visual, memoria verbal y aprendizaje, atención y funciones ejecutivas. Conclusiones: Los resultados son parcialmente consistentes con estudios previos. El conocimiento de las alteraciones cognitivas en sujetos con TAG es útil para comprender los efectos nocivos en áreas importantes como la laboral, académica, y otras, descritos en dichos pacientes.

Introduction: The performance in cognitive functioning of patients with Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) has received little interest and the results of some studies have been shown to be inconsistent. Objective: To know the performance of the cognitive functions of subjects with Generalized Anxiety Disorder and to compare it with subjects without clinical anxiety, through the Evaluación Neuropsicológica Básica para Adultos (ENBA). Method: A cross-sectional design, using convenience sampling, 23 subjects with a single diagnosis of GAD and a control group of 23 subjects matched according by sex, age, and education were studied. Results: The group with TAG obtained a worse statically significant performance (p = < 0,05) in some scores of the ENBA that assess abilities of visuospatial construction, visual memory, verbal memory and learning, attention and executive functions. Conclusions: The results are partially consistent with previous studies. The knowledge of the cognitive impairments in subjects with TAG is useful to understand the harmful effects in important areas such as employment, academic activities, among others described in these patients.

Evidencias de validez de la versión en español del Inventario de Fobia Social (SPIN) / Evidence of validity of the spanish version of the Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN)

Resumen El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar en muestras mexicanas las propiedades psicométricas del Inventario de Fobia Social (Social Phobia Inventory, SPIN). Los participantes consistieron en estudiantes universitarios, pacientes diagnosticados con trastorno de ansiedad social y pacientes con trastorno de ansiedad generalizada. El SPIN mostró una alta consistencia interna, una buena confiabilidad test-retest y una adecuada validez convergente y discriminante. Al analizar la estructura interna, el modelo que manifestó mejores indicadores de ajuste fue el de tres factores correlacionados. El análisis de curvas ROC indicó que el SPIN es capaz de discriminar entre los trastornos de ansiedad social y de ansiedad generalizada; un punto de corte de 25 representó el mejor balance entre sensibilidad y especificidad. Se concluye que la versión en español del SPIN demuestra propiedades psicométricas sólidas, por lo que puede ser potencialmente utilizado como instrumento de cribado para detectar el trastorno de ansiedad social en población mexicana.

Abstract The aim of this study was to analyze the psychometric properties of the Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN), in Mexican samples. The participants comprised university students, patients diagnosed with social anxiety and patients with generalized anxiety disorder. The SPIN demonstrated high internal consistency, good test-retest reliability, and adequate convergent and discriminate validity. Different models of the internal structure were tested, result showed better adjustment for the three correlated factor model. Analysis of ROC curves indicated that the SPIN is able to discriminate between social anxiety and generalized anxiety disorders; a cutoff of 25 represented the best balance between sensitivity and specificity. It is possible to conclude that the Spanish version of the SPIN demonstrated solid psychometric properties, and thus it could potentially be used as a screening tool for detecting social anxiety disorder in the Mexican population.

Invarianza por sexo en la Escala de Detección del Trastorno de Ansiedad Generalizada (EDTAG)

En el presente trabajo se muestra la forma en la que se evalúa la invarianza utilizando los modelos de análisis factorial confirmatorio para medias y covarianzas (AFC-MACS) para datos categóricos y los modelos de Teoría de Respuesta al Ítem (TRI). Se ejemplifica el análisis de la invarianza en el estudio de la Escala de Detección del Trastorno de Ansiedad Generalizada (EDTAG) comparando hombres y mujeres. La EDTAG es una escala ampliamente utilizada en las instituciones de salud y por sus características (escala breve de 12 ítems dicotómicos) cualquier error de medida puede tener un impacto importante. En los resultados se muestra que la escala tiene la misma configuración, sin embargo, el ítem 9 muestra funcionamiento diferencial siendo los hombres quienes mayor probabilidad tienen de responder de manera afirmativa comparado con mujeres del mismo nivel de rasgo. Se discute la necesidad de éste tipo de análisis en las escalas.

The present paper shows how to evaluated invariance using confirmatory factor analysis models for means and covariances (CFA-MACS) for categorical data and models of Item Response Theory (IRT). Invariance analysis in the study of Detection Scale Generalized Anxiety Disorder comparing men and women is exemplified. The scale is widely used in health institutions and by its nature (a brief scale of 12 dichotomous items) any measurement error can have a major impact. Results have shown that the scale has the same configuration, but the item 9 shows differential item functioning, being males more likely to respond affirmatively compared to women in the same trait level. The need for this type of analysis on the scales is discussed.

Escala de miedo a la Evaluación Negativa Versión Breve (BFNE): propiedades psicométricas en muestras clínicas y de universitarios en México / Brief version of the fear of Negative Evaluation Scale (BFNE): psychometric properties in clinical and university student samples in Mexico / Escala de medo à Avaliação Negativa Versão Breve (BFNE): propriedades psicométricas em mostras clínicas e de universitários no México

El objetivo del presente trabajo es analizar en muestras clínicas y de universitarios mexicanos, las propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de Miedo a la Evaluación Negativa versión breve (BFNE), así como estudiar su utilidad diagnóstica al establecer un punto de corte que discrimine entre fobia social y trastorno de ansiedad generalizada. Los participantes fueron estudiantes universitarios, sujetos con fobia social y personas con trastorno de ansiedad generalizada. Se llevaron a cabo las siguientes actividades: 1) Proporcionar la media y desviación estándar del BFNE, para cada una de las muestras. 2) Confirmar la estructura interna de la escala. 3) Evaluar la consistencia interna. 4) Analizar la confiabilidad test-retest. 5) Estudiar la validez convergente y divergente. 6) Realizar un análisis de curvas ROC, en donde se establezca un punto de corte que sea capaz de discriminar entre sujetos con fobia social de aquellos que padecen trastorno de ansiedad generalizada. Se concluye que la Escala de Miedo a la Evaluación Negativa versión breve (BFNE) es una medida válida y confiable, capaz de detectar con gran eficacia la presencia de fobia social en las muestras estudiadas.

The aim of the present study is to analyze the psychometric properties of the Brief version of the Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale (BNFE) in clinical and university student samples in Mexico, as well as to assess their diagnostic value by establishing a cut-off score that discriminates between social phobia and generalized anxiety disorder. The sample of participants consisted of university students, subjects with social phobia and people with generalized anxiety disorder. The following activities were carried out: 1) To obtain the BFNE mean score and standard deviation for each sample, 2) To confirm the internal structure of scale. 3) To assess the internal consistency. 4) To analyze the test-retest reliability; 5) To examine the convergent and divergent validity. 6) To establish, by means of ROC analysis, a cut-off score that is able to discriminate between subjects with social phobia and those with generalized anxiety disorder. It is possible to conclude that the Brief version of the Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale (BFNE) is a reliable and valid measure, and it is able to detect effectively the social phobia in the studied samples.

O objetivo do presente trabalho é analisar em mostras clínicas e de universitários mexicanos, as propriedades psicométricas da Escala de Medo à Avaliação Negativa versão breve (BFNE), bem como estudar sua utilidade diagnóstica ao estabelecer um ponto de corte que discrimine entre fobia social e transtorno de ansiedade generalizada. Os participantes foram estudantes universitários, sujeitos com fobia social e pessoas com transtorno de ansiedade generalizada. Foram realizadas as seguintes atividades: 1) Proporcionar a média e desvio padrão do BFNE, para cada uma das mostras. 2) Confirmar a estrutura interna da escala. 3) Avaliar a consistência interna. 4) Analisar a confiabilidade teste-reteste. 5) Estudar a validade convergente e divergente. 6) Realizar uma análise de curvas ROC, onde se estabeleça um ponto de corte que seja capaz de discriminar entre sujeitos com fobia social daqueles que padecem de transtorno de ansiedade generalizada. Conclui-se que a Escala de Medo à Avaliação Negativa versão breve (BFNE) é uma medida válida e confiável, capaz de detectar com grande eficácia a presença de fobia social nas mostras estudadas.

Afecto positivo y negativo: ¿Una dimensión bipolar o dos dimensiones unipolares independientes? / Positive and negative affect: One bipolar dimension or two independent unipolar dimensions?

Desde los trabajos pioneros de Bradburn (1969) el afecto positivo y el afecto negativo han sido concebidos como dos dimensiones unipolares independientes, aunque todavía se mantiene hoy en día la controversia teórica entre defensores de un modelo unidimensional bipolar y los de un modelo bidimensional unipolar. El objetivo de este artículo es revisar la problemática que rodea esta controversia tomando en consideración por un lado, los dos estados afectivos (el humor o tono afectivo y las emociones) y por otro lado, revisando los estudios y modelos teóricos provenientes de distintas áreas tales como Psicometría, Psicología Básica, neurociencia, Psicología Clínica y Psicología de la Salud. Finalmente, se ofrece una posible explicación a los datos contradictorios obtenidos en los distintos estudios. Se sugiere la conveniencia de hacer estudios claramente diferenciados sobre el humor y las emociones. Sobre el humor existen pocos trabajos, pero éstos ofrecen mayor apoyo a un modelo unidimensional bipolar. Sin embargo, sobre las emociones hay mayor cantidad de estudios que ofrecen mayor apoyo a un modelo bidimensional unipolar.

Since the seminal contribution of Bradburn (1969), positive and negative affect have been conceived as two independent unipolar dimensions. However, the controversy between these ideas and the supporters of a single bipolar dimension is nowadays still alive. In this review we identify two problems. The first one is of a conceptual nature, because, as Russell and Carroll (1999) pointed out, the term affection is not unambiguously defined and rarely researchers in this field make an explicit definition. According to Rosenberg (1988), there are at least two types of affective states, which are widely acknowledged: emotions and mood, or affective tone. Emotions are characterized for, and differ from mood in, appearing in response to an event, being intense, short-lived and specific. They are also characterized by provoking important physiological reactions in the individuals, as well as recognizable patterns of facial expression, and by determining individuals to behave congruently in relation to the emotion they are experiencing. Combining these two very different components of affect hinders the comparison of the work of different authors, and also the development of theoretical models combining the different aspects included within this concept. The second problem is related to the measurements used in the research assessing affect, where the possible existence of events or circumstances causing the affective state is not normally considered. Likewise, measurement regarding the duration of the affect are rarely performed, and objective measurements such as physiological correlates or facial expressions are not frequently collected. Consequently, instruments do not normally distinguish between mood and emotion. The aim of this paper is to review the most relevant questions regarding this debate taking into account, on the one hand, the two affective states included in the concept of affectivity (i.e., mood and emotion) and, on the other hand, the empirical and theoretical contributions provided by a wide range of disciplines such as Psychometry, Basic Psychology, neuroscience, and Clinical and Health Psychology. From Basic Psychology and Psychometry we reviewed the three fundamental argumentations advocating for an independence of positive and negative affect, as identified by Diener and Emmons (1984) and Russell and Carroll (1999): (1) that the correlation between items that evaluate the positive affect and negative affect is low, (2) that the correlation of items within the categories of positive affect and negative affect is high, and (3) that the two dimensions of affect correlate differently with other variables. A fourth argument is discussed referring to the variations of both affect types observed throughout a lifetime (Bushman & Crowley, 2010; Windsor & Anstey, 2010). From the neuro-scientific perspective we reviewed studies providing data on brain structures and neurotransmitters involved in both affect types, noting that all these studies have been carried out by inducing intense moods, which indeed might be classified as emotions rather than humor. From Psychopathology and Clinical Psychology we reviewed those disorders in which states of positive and negative mood can be experienced in a very intensive manner (positive and negative emotions), in very short periods of time and even at the same time. We also reviewed research studying the independent presence of positive and negative affect in several disorders, as well as some theoretical models on depression that indicate the possibility and desirability of adopting a 'dual' perspective in the assessment and the intervention strategies of both types of emotions in the depressive disorder and other disorders. A proposal about the reason of such contradictory findings is presented, and we suggest that research about this topic should be better conducted setting apart mood from emotions using tools that allow measuring those elements capable of distinguishing between affect types. Although the few existing studies about affective traits and mood seem to support the bipolar one-dimensional model, the conclusions drawn from the numerous investigations about emotions favor the two independent unipolar dimensions model.

Nivel de gaudibilidad en pacientes esquizofrénicos: un estudio piloto / Level of gaudiebility in schizophrenics outpatients: a pilot study

It has been suggested that anhedonia is a core symptom of the disorder that precedes and possibly plays a causal role during the subsequent development of schizophrenia. Several works confirmed high levels of anhedonia and lower levels of intrinsic motivation and positive affect in schizophrenic patients when compared to control subjects. On this paper we are dealing with the term gaudiebility, which is defined as a construct that includes all the set of modulators which regulate the enjoyment. The aim of this study was to evaluate if people suffering from schizophrenia show levels of gaudiebility significantly lower when compared to the average population. Data were obtained from two different adult samples. One sample (n = 30) made up by schizophrenic patients of Hospital del Mar de Barcelona (Spain), the other one (n = 37) made up by the general population was obtained by the use of snowball technique. All participants agreed to reply in writing to the gaudiebility scale (Padrós and Fernández, 2008). The results show that people diagnosed with schizophrenia (mean = 48.27 and SD = 11.22) showed lower scores in the level of gaudiebility [F (3) = 4.303, p = .008] than control group (mean = 56.73 and SD = 9.80). The results came out as expected and were also consistent with the high levels of anhedonia, as well as with the low positive affective and intrinsic motivation levels found in different research. Further studies controlling the schizophrenia subtypes and the sociodemographic variables are required. Our pilot study suggests that the low gaudiebility levels found in schizophrenic patients should motivate the design of specific intervention programs to raise gaudiebility levels.

Se ha sugerido que la anhedonia es un síntoma cardinal de la esquizofreina, y que éste precede y puede tener un papel causal en el posterior desarrollo del trastorno. Son varios los estudios que han confirmado elevados niveles de anhedonia y bajos en motivación intrínseca y afecto positivo en pacientes esquizofrénicos, comparados con los obtenidos a partir de muestras de sujetos controles. En el presente trabajo se ha tomado de referencia el concepto de <